GDT_MEMORY_AREA equ 0x20000
GDT_ENTRIES_CAPACITY equ 8
GDT_ENTRY_SIZE equ 8

db "gdt_set_segment"
; [Furthest from EBP]
;   3.  Bool (Lowest Address)   Task State Segment (1) or Code/Data (0)
;       Bool (Second-Lowest)    Executable (1) or Not (0)
;       Bool (Second-Highest)   Stack (1) or Heap (0) Page
;       Bool (Highest Address)  Readable AND Writeable (1) or only what's necessary (0)
;   2.  U32                     Number of pages
;   1.  Ptr32                   Base address 
;   0.  U32                     Index of Segment (0 is not allowed)
; [Nearest to EBP]
gdt_set_segment:
.prolog:
    push dword esi
    sub esp, 64
    mov esi, esp

    mov [esi + (64 - 4)], eax
    mov [esi + (64 - 8)], ebx
    mov [esi + (64 - 12)], ecx
    mov [esi + (64 - 16)], edx
    mov [esi + (64 - 20)], edi

.get_work_address:
    mov eax, [ebp - 4]
    mov edx, GDT_ENTRY_SIZE
    mul edx
    mov [esi], eax

.prepare_flags_and_access_byte:
    ; Access Privilege
    ; [Highest]
    ;   7.   Present Bit (Is in RAM: 1, is swapped out: 0)
    ;   5+6. Descriptor Privilege Level (Kernel: 00, User; 11)
    ;   4.   Descriptor Type (0: System Segment, 1: Code or Data Segment)
    ;   3.   Is Executable? (Yes: 1, No: 0)
    ;   2.   Grows Up (Heap) / Grows Down (Stack: 0, Heap, 1)
    ;   1.   Secondary Access Bit (whether Read or Write is possible
    ;        even when it isn't strictly necessary for the segment type)
    ;   0.   Dirty Bit (Was Accessed: 1, Still Clean: 0)
    ; [Lowest]

    xor al, al
    cmp [ebp - 16], byte 0
    je .after_task_segment_bit_setter
    or al, (1 << 4)
.after_task_segment_bit_setter:

    cmp [ebp - 15], byte 0
    je .after_executable_bit_setter
    or al, (1 << 3)
.after_executable_bit_setter:

    cmp [ebp - 13], byte 0
    je .after_direction_bit_setter
    or al, (1 << 2)
.after_direction_bit_setter:

    cmp [ebp - 12], byte 0
    je .after_read_write_bit_setter
    or al, (1 <<  1)
.after_read_write_bit_setter:

    ; Flags
    ; [Highest]
    ;   3.  Address and Size Granularity (Bytes: 0, Pages: 1)
    ;   2.  16-Bit or 32-Bit selector (0: 16-Bit, 1: 32-Bit)
    ;   1.  Long Mode / 64-Bit (  
    ;   0.  Reserved, should be 0
    ; [Lowest]
    mov ah, (0b00001100 << 4)

    ; OR the uppermost 4 bits of the Limit into the
    ; appropriate position in the byte of the flags.
    mov ecx, [ebp - 12]
    shr ecx, 16
    and ecx, 0b00001111
    or al, cl

    ; Store the Access Byte and the Flags into the entry.
    mov ebx, [esi]
    mov [ebx + 5], al ; Access Byte
    mov [ebx + 6], ah ; Flags + Limit

    mov eax, [ebp - 8]
    mov [ebx + 2], ax
    shr eax, 16
    mov [ebx + 3], al
    mov [ebx + 7], ah

    mov ax, [ebp - 12]
    mov [ebx], ax

.epilog:
    mov ebx, [esi + (64 - 8)]
    mov ecx, [esi + (64 - 12)]
    mov edx, [esi + (64 - 16)]
    mov edi, [esi + (64 - 20)]
    
    add esp, 64
    pop dword esi
    ret

db "load_flat_gdt"
; [Furthest from EBP]
;   0.      4B Return address
; [Nearest to EBP]
load_flat_gdt:
.prolog:
    push dword esi
    sub esp, 64
    mov esi, esp

    mov [esi + (64 - 8)], ebx
    mov [esi + (64 - 12)], ecx
    mov [esi + (64 - 16)], edx
    mov [esi + (64 - 20)], edi
    mov eax, [ebp - 4]
    mov [esi + 20], eax

.create_gdt:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    push dword (GDT_MEMORY_AREA)
    push dword (GDT_ENTRIES_CAPACITY * GDT_ENTRY_SIZE)
    push dword 0
    call mem_set
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp

    ; Code Segment
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    push dword 1
    push dword 0xa00
    push dword 0xfffff
    push byte 1
    push byte 0
    push byte 1
    push byte 0
    call gdt_set_segment
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp

    ; Stack Segment
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    push dword 2
    push dword 0
    push dword 0xfffff
    push byte 1
    push byte 1
    push byte 0
    push byte 0
    call gdt_set_segment
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp

    ; Data Segment
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    push dword 3
    push dword 0
    push dword 0xfffff
    push byte 1
    push byte 0
    push byte 1
    push byte 0
    call gdt_set_segment
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp

    ; Write the GDT Descriptor
    cli
    mov [esi + 10], dword GDT_MEMORY_AREA
    mov [esi + 8], word 31
    mov eax, esi
    add ebx, 8
    lgdt [ebx]
    sti

    mov ax, (3 << 4)
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax
    mov ax, (2 << 4)
    mov ss, ax

    mov eax, cr0
    or eax, 1
    mov cr0, eax

    jmp dword (1 << 4):.epilog
.epilog:
    mov ebx, [esi + (64 - 8)]
    mov ecx, [esi + (64 - 12)]
    mov edx, [esi + (64 - 16)]
    mov edi, [esi + (64 - 20)]

    mov esi, [esi + 20]
    jmp esi